Q: What is the prime factorization of the number 721,146,421?

Why is the prime factorization of 721,146,421 written as 43¹ x 1,553¹ x 10,799¹?

What is prime factorization?

Prime factorization or prime factor decomposition is the process of finding which prime numbers can be multiplied together to make the original number.

Finding the prime factors of 721,146,421

To find the prime factors, you start by dividing the number by the first prime number, which is 2. If there is not a remainder, meaning you can divide evenly, then 2 is a factor of the number. Continue dividing by 2 until you cannot divide evenly anymore. Write down how many 2's you were able to divide by evenly. Now try dividing by the next prime factor, which is 3. The goal is to get to a quotient of 1.

Here are the first several prime factors: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29...

Let's start by dividing 721,146,421 by 2

721,146,421 ÷ 2 = 360,573,210.5 - This has a remainder. Let's try another prime number.
721,146,421 ÷ 3 = 240,382,140.3333 - This has a remainder. Let's try another prime number.
721,146,421 ÷ 5 = 144,229,284.2 - This has a remainder. Let's try another prime number.
...
Keep trying increasingly larger numbers until you find one that divides evenly.
...
721,146,421 ÷ 43 = 16,770,847 - No remainder! 43 is one of the factors!
16,770,847 ÷ 43 = 390,019.6977 - There is a remainder. We can't divide by 43 evenly anymore. Let's try the next prime number
16,770,847 ÷ 47 = 356,826.5319 - This has a remainder. 47 is not a factor.
16,770,847 ÷ 53 = 316,431.0755 - This has a remainder. 53 is not a factor.
16,770,847 ÷ 59 = 284,251.6441 - This has a remainder. 59 is not a factor.
...
Keep trying increasingly larger numbers until you find one that divides evenly.
...
16,770,847 ÷ 1,553 = 10,799 - No remainder! 1,553 is one of the factors!
10,799 ÷ 1,553 = 6.9536 - There is a remainder. We can't divide by 1553 evenly anymore. Let's try the next prime number
10,799 ÷ 1,559 = 6.9269 - This has a remainder. 1,559 is not a factor.
10,799 ÷ 1,567 = 6.8915 - This has a remainder. 1,567 is not a factor.
10,799 ÷ 1,571 = 6.874 - This has a remainder. 1,571 is not a factor.
...
Keep trying increasingly larger numbers until you find one that divides evenly.
...
10,799 ÷ 10,799 = 1 - No remainder! 10,799 is one of the factors!

The orange divisor(s) above are the prime factors of the number 721,146,421. If we put all of it together we have the factors 43 x 1,553 x 10,799 = 721,146,421. It can also be written in exponential form as 43¹ x 1,553¹ x 10,799¹.

Factor Tree

Another way to do prime factorization is to use a factor tree. Below is a factor tree for the number 721,146,421.

	721,146,421
43		16,770,847
	1,553		10,799

More Prime Factorization Examples

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